(Hier geht’s zur deutschen Version dieses Posts)
When I moved to Maine, I didn’t think too much about differences between German and American flours.
All-purpose flour was, obviously, your Average Joe among flours. Bread flour was meant for breads. Duh! And whole wheat and rye flours? Stupid question! Exactly the same as German “Vollkornweizen” and “Roggenmehl”.
But then I saw something called “Cake Flour” at Hannaford’s. Hm…. a special flour for cake baking, why that? Then there was “White Whole Wheat” – really, white? My chemical alert siren went off! Was it bleached and bromated like some of the flour brands in the baking aisle? (Don’t worry, it’s a special kind of albino winter wheat.)
I started wondering about different flour types only after I tried to bake “Brötchen” – German everyday rolls. Thanks to Peter Reinhart’s “Bread Baker’s Apprentice” I already knew the merits of slow fermentation, and that steam was needed to create a good crust.
But, though my German Brötchen were not bad, something, somehow, was not right. The crumb was totally different from what I was used to in Germany. Not loose and fluffy that you could easily pull it out, but chewier, with larger pores, more like French bread.
After a while it dawned on me that US-wheat has much more protein than European wheat species. The flour contains significantly more gluten, so that the dough has a more stable structure, and breads rise higher. My German-American rolls were suffering from hyper-glutenism!
In The Fresh Loaf forum for hobby bakers I read later that many Americans, interested in baking German Brötchen, were utterly puzzled by this problem.
During a visit in Germany, my friend Ingrid asked me to bake those baguettes I had raved about on the phone. I went to her supermarket’s baking aisle, and – found myself as clueless as before in Maine!
Never having baked any breads in Germany (only cakes and Christmas cookies), I could only imagine that the German all-purpose flour, Weizenmehl Type 405, probably wouldn’t be the right thing. I knew Vollkornweizen (whole wheat). But all those other flour types – Type 550, 1050, 1700 – what about them?
I had not the slightest idea, and the descriptions on the packages didn’t much to enlighten me, either. The type numbers refer to ash content, not protein. If you incinerate your flour – this is what you would be left with (along with a barking dog, crazed by the smoke alarm.)
After serious consideration I decided on Type 1050 – it had to have more gluten than softie flour 405, but surely less than the highest numbered flour, Type 1700, whole wheat. I didn’t realize that a medium type, like 1050, would just be sifted, with some of the bran removed, and a bit lighter.
So, what happened? My Pains a l’Ancienne turned out much healthier than planned – after all, they contained a good portion of bran. But even though they were flatter and darker than they should have been, they tasted very good. And my friend Ingrid was happy.
WHEAT – Approximate Equivalents between US and European flours
| US Flour | D | F | I | AT | % Protein |
| Cake | – | – | – | glatt | 6-8 |
| Pastry | 405 | 45 | 00 | 480 | 8-9 |
| Whole Wheat Pastry | – | – | – | doppelt griffig | 8-9 |
| All-Purpose | 550 | 55 | 0 | 700 | 10-12 |
| Bread | 550 | 55, 65 | 1 | 700 | 12 |
| Substitute (see below*) | 812 | 65, 80 | 1 | 700 | 11-13 |
| Substitute (see below**) | 1050 | 110 | 2 | 1600 | 13-14.5 |
| Whole Wheat | 1600 Vollkornmehl | 150 | – | Vollkornmehl | 13 |
| White Whole | – | – | – | – | 13 |
| High-Gluten | – | – | – | – | 14 |
| High-Extraction/ First Clear | 1050 | 110 | 2 | 1600 | 16 |
| Graham Flour/ Wheat Meal | 1800 Weizenschrot | – | – | Weizenschrot | 13 |
*) Substitute: 77% Bread Flour + 23% Whole Wheat
**) Substitute: 57% Bread Flour + 43% Whole Wheat
In Austria there is also another differentiation: the “Griffigkeit” of the flour – how the flour particles feel like when you rub them between your fingers: griffiges Mehl (Dunst and Feingriess) is coarser than flour, but finer than semolina. Doppelgriffiges Mehl (= Dunst) is especially used for fine pastry, pasta and strudel. It has a high content of bran – I would substitute with whole wheat pastry flour or a mixture of pastry/whole wheat pastry. Glattes Mehl, smooth flour, is the equivalent of cake flour.
SPELT – US-Equivalents of German and Austrian Flours
| US Flour | D | AT |
| White Spelt | Type 630 | Type 630 |
| (High Extraction) Substitute: 57% White Spelt + 43% Whole Spelt | Type 1050 | Type 1050 |
| Whole Spelt | Type 1600/ Dinkel- vollkorn mehl | Dinkel- vollkorn mehl |
France and Italy don’t have sifted, lighter, spelt flour types.
Whole spelt you may find in supermarkets with very good selection or in natural food stores. White spelt you can to mail order from specialty stores. In Germany both are more readily available, also high-extraction spelt (no equivalent in the US, but you can substitute a mixture, see above).
RYE – US-Equivalents of German, French and Austrian Flours
| US Flour | D | F | AT |
| White Rye | Type 815 | 70 | R/500 |
| Substitute: 82% White Rye + 18% Whole Rye | Type 997 | – | heller R/960 |
| Substitute: 66% White Rye + 34% Whole Rye | Type 1150 | 130 | R/960 |
| Medium Rye | Type 1370 | – | – |
| Whole Rye | Type 1800 Roggen- vollkornmehl | 170 | Roggen- vollkornmehl |
| Pumpernickel Rye Meal | Roggen- schrot, fein | – | |
| Cracked Rye Rye Chops | Roggen- schrot, grob | – |
Most American supermarkets carry only whole rye flour – if they offer it at all. White rye and medium rye can be ordered from online baking stores (like King Arthur Flour or New York Bakers here in the Northeast). For the lighter medium rye types you can substitute a mixture (see above).
Medium ground rye meal aka pumpernickel flour is sometimes available in natural food stores and can be mail-ordered. For coarser rye chops/cracked rye there is only DIY (if you own a grain mill.)
Ancient grains, like Einkorn, Emmer and Kamut, recently made a comeback in the US. In my new home state Maine a real grain renaissance has happened, vigorously supported by the Maine Grain Alliance and their annual Kneading Conference.
This post – originally published in 2012 – has been updated, completely re-written. and the tables formatted for better visibility.
Brot & Bread 
Good information. And more information in the new book Living Bread by Danial Leader.
Glad to hear from you, stay well!
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Thanks, Susan. I don’t have that one, only the “Local Breads”. My husband rolls his eyes at the idea of yet another bread baking book 😉
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This is his best. And I love all the stories of the heritage wheat’s in Italy and great German breads also.
Hey, he’ll eat them right? haha My brother in law says there are never too many books…only too few bookshelves! I concur.
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Hi Karin, What a thorough description for anyone trying to bake an equivalent to something they were familiar with in Germany and Austria. Because of restricted travels, this is the first time in years that we won’t be traveling to both countries this fall. Your top photo brings back fond memories of the rolls I would enjoy each morning with some delicious cheese during our time spent there.
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Thanks, Karen, yes, I can’t visit my mother, son, and friends in Hamburg, either, usually I fly over twice a year. Corona sucks! 😳
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Hi Karin! I know you’re from Germany, but I just moved here to France and maybe you might know the answer. I’m trying to make pie dough (for thanksgiving, of course, lol) and I can’t get it how I’m used to in the US. I know European butter is partly to blame, too much butter fat,but there’s nothing I can do about that one since there is no US style butter here, lol, but I think I have a solution for that (freezing the hell out of the butter, haha). But I also think the flour is the problem too. I just got my starter ready to do California sourdough (yes, I know it won’t be the same because the natural yeast in France is different than in California), but I found that the flour to water ratio (I use grams) that I normally use with my starter and dough is way too wet with French flour than with US flour. I’ve been using type 65 and type 150 for my sourdough starter and dough, and was using type 55 for my pie dough (because I was told it’s the same as all purpose in the US) but was told by someone else that type 45 might be better for pie dough, so I’m gonna try that next. Lets just say in general, the French flour doesn’t absorb liquids the same as US flour (need less liquid for French flour compared to US flour), and French flour, even type 55, feels a lot more grainy than US flour, like it’s not as finely ground as US flour.
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Yes, American flour does absorb more water. Unfortunately, it’s always a bit trial and error to figure out what works best. For pastry I would rather try using type 45. I can’t really say that I had difficulties with the butter, when I was baking an American recipe in Germany. I notice the difference mainly when I bake croissants here – then I try to find European butter with higher fat content.
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Thanks Karen for those great flour conversion tables! I use them all the time. I tried to find your Facebook page to tag you in a post but couldn’t find it so I just included the link to this post.
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That makes me happy – yes, you can have some unpleasant surprises, if you don’t know that there is a difference. I had no idea about that when I first came here. (My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/karin.anderson.52)
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In the US, I always used all-purpose for bread, cookies, pasta. In Germany, the first time I made pasta for my pasta fagioli soup, the pasta was awful (I think I used 550); cornbread turned out damp and cakey. What to do?! My crude experimentation lead me to settle on a 1:1 mix of 550:1050.
Now, my daughter is in Italy and she wants to make cinnamon rolls with her grandma. Should I recommend a 1:1 mix of 1 and 2, or 0 and 2?
Your thoughts?
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Hi, Rebecca, it’s really frustrating when your trusted recipes do not work anymore in a foreign country. In German homemade pasta recipe they use Italian 00 flour, Hartweizengriess (Semola rimacinata di grano duro) or, sometimes, Weizenmehl Typ 405. So, basically, you have to look for soft Italian flours.
For cakes it’s almost always Typ 405 (or Vollkornweizen for healthier versions). Typ 550 or 1050 has more protein/gluten and is used for breads.
I bake sometimes rolls from an Italian baking book, the flour is either Tipo 0 or Tipo 1 (or even Tipo 00 for very fluffy rolls).
I would probably try Tipo 1.
Baking American pastry with European flours you have to know that the water/liquid absorption might be different. Start with a little less liquid and add more as needed for the desired consistency. That might have been the reason why your cornbread turned out too damp.
Good luck, and let me know how it turns out.
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Hi, thanks so much for this table. I had readers in the US saying that my Germany Rye Bread recipe did not work for them. Only when I looked into it, I see what a difference the flour makes and I was using German Rye 1150. I will ask the reader to use your substitution suggestions until I can get my hands on some American flour to properly test the recipe with it.
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Thanks, Marita. Before I moved here, I had no idea that there could be differences at all, always took it for granted that „flour is flour“.
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I was looking for answers and I sure found them! Thank you so very much for the wonderful comparison charts! In my average baking I roll rather well but then Dunst came up and finger fine flour, where do I find that? Search and there was your page listed, Thank you!!!
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I’m glad I could help, Gudrun!
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OMG! Thank you so much for this!! I have been tearing my hair out trying to find equivalent US flours to use for Roggenmischbrot and baguettes in the US. Having it all in one place is priceless. THANK YOU!!
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You are very welcome, MaryAnn! I’m glad I could help you with that. What kind of Roggenmischbrot are you baking?
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Half RoggenVK and half Dinkelmehl 630 (how’s that for Germlish, lol). Used vinegar instead of a sour starter and next time will add some bread spice. I’m in Germany right now and can get everything I need, but headed back to the States next month and concerned about flour substitutions! I didn’t realize how complicated it all is until I tried to explain my recipes to my sisters there. Also, they informed me fresh yeast isn’t really a thing there, while I can get it here in my tiny supermarket!
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Yes, I would not recommend using fresh yeast here in the US, even if you can find some. It’s always fickle to work with, anyway, and you can’t be sure it will be fresh enough since not enough people buy it. I always use instant yeast, even when I bake in Germany (100% fresh yeast = 33% instant yeast (40% for enriched dough).
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Thanks for the tips on the yeast, especially the difference when using regular vs. enriched dough!
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Another question about yeast for you, Karin. Do you use active dry or rapid rise when substituting for fresh?
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I almost always use rapid rise (instant) yeast, because it doesn’t need any preparation. (Very small amounts I measure with a spoon scale). If you use active dry yeast you take 1/2 of the amount of fresh yeast.
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Hi Karin, this is such a helpful article. I’m having the same problem with my chilean breads (I’m from Chile). The crumb structure of my traditional marraqueta is completely wrong. Do you have any suggestions for specific brands to use in place of the 550 flour? what flour do you use for Brötchen? Thanks so much!
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Weizenmehl Typ 550 I usually substitute with bread flour or all-purpose flour (King Arthur Unbleached AP flour also has a relatively high protein/gluten content).
I looked at some marraqueta recipes online, but couldn’t see the crumb too well. Is the crumb structure of the breads you made too airy and chewy (more like baguettes) or too soft and fluffy?
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Thanks! I’d say mine turn out too airy and chewy . The marraqueta crumb should be pretty tight (it’s lower hydration than baguettes), and the crust should be a little chewy and crunch but more delicate than like a sourdough loaf’s crust. I also am having trouble getting them as fluffy as they should be, even when i push the proof really far, they don’t spring as much in the oven as they do back home 😥 I’ve tried with a mix of KA bread+AP, tried Shepherd’s grain pastry+Morbread. I think I’ll try good old Gold Medal next (They’re supposed to be made with softer wheats)
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If your marraqueta crumb is too airy, the flour has too much protein/gluten for that type of bread. King Arthur’s flours, even the AP, have a higher gluten content. Gold Medal AP is, indeed, made with softer wheat, and has less protein (10.5%). I like using it for pastries, haven’t tried it in bread dough, yet. For my German everyday rolls I take Italian Tipo 00 flour (I can get from an Italian grocery) or pastry flour (8-9%).
Let me know how Gold Medal works for you and good luck!
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Thank you again, Karin!
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Thank you for this! I had given up on finding an equivalent for graham flour for a few Finnish recipes, but now I will try again!
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Happy to help! Please, let me know if your recipes turn out the way you want.
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